1966: Cultural Revolution in China

The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution was a decade-long period of political and social chaos caused by Mao Zedong's bid to use the Chinese masses to reassert his control over the country's Communist Party. (From "The Cultural Revolution: all you need to know about China's political convulsion," linked below.)

     Daily summaries are from "Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Cultural Revolution" and "The New Cambridge History of Contemporary China" (linked below) unless otherwise noted.

     Texts from www.marxists.org and www.bannedthought.net unless otherwise noted.

February 12

The Chinese Communist Party Central Committee (CCPCC) issues the Outline Report within the party nationwide as a guiding document.

April 18: "Hold High the Great Red Banner of Mao Tse-Tung's Thought and Actively Participate in the Great Socialist Cultural Revolution"

* Text: @
* Image: "Hold high the great red banner of Mao Zedong to wage the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution to the end -- Revolution is no crime, to rebel is justified" (Image from chineseposters.net)

May 7 directive
* Summary (from en.people.cn): @
* Text (from "Turbulent Decade," linked below): @

May 16: "Circular of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, May 16, 1966: A Great Historic Document"
The Politburo announces its decision to set up the Cultural Revolution Group, and calls for attacks on "all representatives of the bourgeoisie who have infiltrated the Party, government, army and cultural world."
* Text: @

May 25: Dazibao
Dazibao, big character posters, were an object of political struggle that proliferated during the Cultural Revolution. They usually contained quotations of Mao, the name of the person being discussed in the poster, tangential evidence of him or her being counter-revolutionary, a call for action against the person, and more praises of Mao. ... The posters were usually pasted on walls or boards for the public to see and to discuss. ... On May 25, 1966, a big character poster written by Nie Yuanzi targeting the chancellor and officials of Peking University rekindled the flame of poster. Nie's was lauded by Mao as "China's first Marxist-Leninist big character poster." ... Big character posters soon spread beyond the campus. (from "The Cultural Revolution and Overacting: Dynamics between Politics and Performance," Tuo Wang, 2014: @)
* chineseposters.net: @
* "Chinese Posters: Art from the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution" (Lincoln Cushing and Ann Tompkins, 2007): @

May 29: Red Guards
A group of students at Tsinghua University Middle School -- mostly children of ranking officials -- forms in secrecy a paramilitary organization named “Red Guards” to help carry out Mao's campaign against the bourgeoisie.

June 1: "Sweeping away all the monsters and demons"
* Summary (from "Rhetoric of the Chinese Revolution," linked below): @

July 16: Yangtze River
Mao swims in the Yangzi River, demonstrating his good health and determination to carry out the Cultural Revolution. 
* "The Great Helmsman Goes Swimming" (www.historytoday.com): @

* From "100 Days in Photographs: Pivotal Events That Changed the World" (Nick Yapp, 2007): @

August 8: "Decision of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party Concerning the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution" (aka the Sixteen Points)

The Eleventh Plenum of the Eighth CCPCC adopts its Sixteen Points, a decision in favor of the Cultural Revolution.
* Text: @

August 18: Tiananmen Square

In army uniform and wearing a Red Guard armband, Mao receives a million students (many of them Red Guards and teachers) at Tiananmen Square.
* "Song Binbin's Cultural Revolution apology sparks national remorse call" (South China Morning Post, 2016): @

1981: "Resolution on CPC History"
* Text: @

Other resources

* "The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution in China" (www.bannedthought.net): @
* "Chinese Communism" (www.marxists.org): @
* Timeline (www.asianews.it): @
* Photos: @
* Photos: @
* "The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution" (www.islandnet.com; archived): @
* "Morning Sun: A film and website about Cultural Revolution": @
* Coverage from South China Morning Post: @
* "The Cultural Revolution: all you need to know about China's political convulsion" (The Guardian, 2016): @
* "China's Cultural Revolution, Explained" (New York Times, 2016): @
* "Readings in the Chinese Communist Cultural Revolution: A Manual for Students of the Chinese Language" (Wen Shun-Chi, 1971): @

* "Historic Lessons of China's Cultural Revolution" (Cynthia Lai, 1981-82): @

* "China's Cultural Revolution, 1966-1969: Not a Dinner Party" (Michael Schoenhauls, 1996): @
* "Turbulent Decade: A History of the Cultural Revolution" (Jiaqi Yan and Gao Gao, 1996): @
* "China: A Historical and Cultural Dictionary" (Michael Dillon, 1998): @

* "China During the Cultural Revolution: A Selected Bibliography of English Language Works" (Tony H. Chang, 1999): @
* "The New Cambridge Handbook of Contemporary China" (Colin McKerras, 2001): @
* "China's Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution: Master Narratives and Post-Mao Narratives" (Woei Lien Chong, 2002): @
* "Rhetoric of the Chinese Cultural Revolution: The Impact on Chinese Thought, Culture, and Communication" (Xing Lu, 2004): @
* "Mao's Last Revolution" (Roderick MacFarquhar and Michael Schoenhals, 2009): @

* "The Cultural Revolution: A Very Short Introduction" (Richard Curt Kraus, 2012): @

* "Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Cultural Revolution" (Guo Jian, Yongyi Song and Yuan Zhou, 2015): @

---

Saturday, November 20, 1965: Mount Hermon vs. Deerfield

Photo by Robert Van Vleet. Caption, as published in the (Pocatello) Idaho State Journal:

HEATED COMPETITION -- Spectators attending the football game at Hermon, Mass., between Mount Hermon School and Deerfield Academy teams were at a loss as to what action to watch -- firemen struggling to contain the fire burning through the roof of the Mount Hermon science building or the football team trying to stop Deerfield. Deerfield and the fire won and Mount Hermon lost the building -- the second major fire on the campus in recent weeks -- and a two-year football winning streak.

* "Fire Raged, They Played On, and the Photo Still Beguiles" (New York Times, May 5, 2015): @

* "Despite burning building, the game continued: CMU prof recalls scene of famous photo 50 years later" (Mt. Pleasant Morning Sun, June 21, 2015): @

* "Playing With Fire" (NFL films, 2015): @ 

---

Wednesday, September 29, 1965: National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities

President Johnson signs P.L. 89-209, the National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities Act. This piece of legislation established the National Endowment on the Arts and the Humanities Foundation as an umbrella for the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA), the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH), and their respective councils. The NEA begins its first fiscal year with a budget $2.5 million dollars, and fewer than a dozen employees. Six programs are started in that first year, Music, Dance, Literature, Visual Arts, Theater, and Education -- while some 22 institutions and 135 individual artists are funded by the agency.

     -- From NEA website: @

* Text of act (Government Printing Office): @

* Johnson's remarks (American Presidency Project): @

* "How NEH Got Its Start" (NEH website): @

* "National Endowment for the Arts: A History, 1965-2008" (NEA, 2009): @
* "First NEA Grant Awarded to The American Ballet Theatre" (December 20, 1965; NEA website): @

* "Federalizing the Muse: United States Arts Policy and the National Endowment for the Arts, 1965-1980" (Donna M. Binkiewicz, 2004): @
* "Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices" (edited by Roger Chapman and James Ciment, 2014): @
* "Arts, Humanities, and Politics" (from "American Political Culture: An Encyclopedia," 2015): @

---

1965: Operation Match

In the Old World, the marriage broker learned the personality traits and financial status of all eligible men and women and did a fairly successful job of matching compatible types.

     Today, like almost any other project in the United States, the match can be programmed by the use of IBM Computer 7090.

     The computer is part of the program called Operation Match originated by two Harvard University students who now use the system on 500 college campuses in the U.S., England and Canada.

     The marriage broker had his fee, so does the computer -- $3 apiece. But the computer also wants answers to 105 questions such as religion, musical preferences, sports and personality tests. Then it will find a person ranging in age from 17 to 27 who seems compatible with the first set of responses.

     -- "IBM Computer Pairing Off Students on 500 Campuses" (United Press International, November 1965): @

* " 'Match' Eliminates Much Hit-Or-Miss; May Make Some UNC Misses Into Mrs." (The Daily Tar Heel, September 23, 1965): @

* "IBM Mating Hits Penn" (The Daily Pennsylvanian, October 14): @

* "$3 Will Get A Date With 'Computer Gal' " (The Pittsburgh Press, October 24): @

* "Operation Match" (The Harvard Crimson, November 3): @

* " 'Operation Match' Dates On Way" (The Daily Illini, December 1): @

* "boy ... girl ... computer" (Look magazine, February 22, 1966): @

* "Matching Them Up" (Harvard magazine, 2003): @
* "Looking for Someone" (The New Yorker, 2011): @
* "Love in the Time of Algorithms: What Technology Does to Meeting and Mating" (Dan Slater, 2013): @
* "This 50-year-old app foretold the future of dating and socializing online" (Fusion, 2015): @
* "What Online Dating Was Like In The 1960s" (video, FiveThirtyEight, 2015): @ 

---

Tuesday, May 18, 1965: Head Start

WASHINGTON -- President Johnson said Tuesday 530,000 of "poverty's children" will be given a head start in pre-school guidance centers so they won't already be doomed to fail because of family backgrounds when they start school. More than half the estimated one million disadvantaged children expected to start school next fall will take part in the first summer sessions of Project Head Start. ... The program calls for teaching the children things that most people take for granted. Some of the children have never seen a book, a flush toilet or electric lights. They also will receive medical and dental care.

     -- From Associated Press story: @

     -- 1965 photo, Buffalo, New York, by Milton Rogovin; from Library of Congress

* Johnson's remarks (American Presidency Project): @

* "U.S. Program for Children Set to Begin" (Associated Press, May 18): @
* Office of Head Start, Department of Health and Human Services: @

* National Head Start Association: @

* "Timeline: Head Start's Journey" (Education Week): @

* "Head Start: The War on Poverty goes to school" (EducationNext): @

* "Project Head Start to Help Needy Pre-School Children" (New York Times, March 9, 1965): @
* "Project 'Head Start' Helps Negro Tots" (Jet magazine, June 17, 1965): @
* "Let's Make 'Head Start' Regular Start" (Ebony magazine, September 1965): @
* "Operation Head Start" (1965 video by Goldsholl Associations for Chicago Public Schools; from Chicago Film Archives): @
* "Head Start" (1966 video, Office of Economic Opportunity; from www.criticalpast.com): @
* "Operation Head Start" (1967 video by Paul Burnford Productions for Office of Economic Opportunity): @
* "An Evaluation of Operation Head Start Bilingual Children, Summer, 1965" (Philip Montez, Foundation for Mexican-American Studies, August 1966): @ 
* "Head Start: The Inside Story of America's Most Successful Educational Experiment" (Edward Zigler and Susan Muenchow, 1992): @
* "Project Head Start: Models and Strategies for the Twenty-First Century" (Valora Washington and Ura Jean Oyemade Bailey, 1995): @

* "Critical Perspectives on Project Head Start" (edited by Jeanne Ellsworth and Lynda J. Ames, 1998): @

* "The Birth of Head Start: Preschool Education Policies in the Kennedy and Johnson Administrations" (Maris A. Vinovskis, 2005): @

* "Launching the War on Poverty: An Oral History" (Michael L. Gillette, 2010): @
* "The War on Poverty: A New Grassroots History" (edited by Annelise Orleck and Lisa Gayle Hazirjian, 2011): @

* "Head Start Origins and Impacts" (Chloe Gibbs, Jens Ludwig and Douglas L. Miller, from "Legacies of the War on Poverty," 2013): @ 

---

Wednesday-Thursday, March 24-25, 1965: Teach-in, University of Michigan

The first teach-in was almost an afterthought. The original plan, formulated by thirteen Michigan professors opposed to United States policy in Vietnam, was to cancel classes on March 24 as a protest measure. Their idea was roundly denounced by the University administration, Governor George Romney, and the state senate, which expressed its displeasure in a resolution. As the date of the scheduled "work moratorium" approached, moderates on the faculty proposed a compromise and the teach-in was born. Some 200 members of the Michigan faculty supported it, and 2,000 students attended night-long rallies in four campus auditoriums. Encouraged by the response, Michigan professors called colleagues at other institutions, and the movement was under way.

     -- From "Revolt of the Professors" (Erwin Knoll, The Saturday Review, June 19, 1965): @

     -- Photo from "Teach Your Children Well: 50th Anniversary of U-M Teach-In" (Alumni Association of the University of Michigan): @

* Summary ("Encyclopedia of the Sixties," 2012): @

* Summary ("The Spirit of the Sixties: The Making of Postwar Radicalism," James J. Farrell, 1997): @
* Summary (Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan): @

* Summary (The Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto): @
* "Origins of the Teach-In" (College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, University of Michigan): @
* "40 Years Ago, the First Teach-In" (Rabbi Arthur Waskow, The Shalom Center, March 2005): @
* "Reflections on Protest" (Kenneth E. Boulding, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, October 1965): @

* "Students in a Ferment Chew Out the Nation" (Life magazine, April 30, 1965): @ 

---

September 1964-January 1965: Free Speech Movement

The Free Speech Movement (FSM) had its beginnings with students involved with CORE (Congress on Racial Equality) and the Southern civil rights movement.
     In the summer of 1964 some students at the University of California Berkeley had gone south to work with CORE and returned for the new school year in September. The school president, Clark Kerr, restricted political activities and suspended eight students of CORE.
     One of those suspended was Mario Savio, who had taught at a Freedom School run by CORE in McComb, Miss. (Savio would later become the spokesman for the movement.)
     California and the United States were in the middle of the Cold War at the time, when any political activity outside of the norm was considered subversive and labeled as Communist. Kerr and many other Californians saw the spread of the civil rights movement to Berkeley in this light and tried to stop it.
     On October 1, Jack Weinberg was arrested for running a CORE table on campus. Spontaneously, hundreds of students surrounded the police car Weinberg was being taken away in. Weinberg, the squad car, and hundreds of students would stay for the next 32 hours until Weinberg was released under a compromise worked out between President Kerr and the students. In response, the FSM was formed on October 4 with the goals of gaining the right to free speech for student activists.
     Over the next several months the FSM had a running battle with the school administration using rallies, marches, petitions and arrests to press their point. By December 1964, the students had won their demands and opened up political activity at Berkeley.
     The Free Speech Movement became a sign of the power of student activism that would be a trademark of the 1960s.

-- Excerpted from Oakland Museum of California. Note: In early January 1965, Berkeley Chancellor Edward W. Strong was replaced by Martin Meyerson, who issued new regulations concerning political activity that largely reflect what the Free Speech Movement had been demanding.

-- Photo of students in Sproul Plaza surrounding police car, with Mario Savio speaking from roof of car; October 1, 1964 (Lon Wilson; The Bancroft Library, UC Berkeley)

* Summary from "Encylopedia of the Sixties" (2012): @
* Summary from Constitutional Rights Foundation: @
* Summary by Jo Freeman: @

* Chronology (Free Speech Movement Digital Archive): @

* Free Speech Movement Archives: @

* FSM 50 (UC Berkeley website): @

* SLATE Archives: @

* Documents (Free Speech Movement Archives): @
* Newspaper front pages (Free Speech Movement Archives): @
* Press coverage, documents, other items (Barbara Toby Stack): @
* Photos (Calisphere, University of California): @ and @
* Photos from Sproul Hall sit-in, December 1964 (Richard A. Muller): @
* Audio of events (Pacifica Radio Archives): @

* Social Activism Sound Recording Project: The Free Speech Movement and Its Legacy (UC Berkeley): @

* "Free Speech Movement: Sounds and Songs of the Movement" (1965; Internet Archive): @
* December 2 speech by Mario Savio (text, audio, video; from American Rhetoric): @

* FBI files on Savio: @ 
* "Freedom's Orator: Mario Savio and the Radical Legacy of the 1960s" (Robert Cohen, 2009): @

* "Heated Dispute Focuses World Attention on Berkeley" (Associated Press, December 13, 1964): @ 
* "Panty Raids? No! Tough Campus Revolt" (Life magazine, December 18, 1964): @

* "Berkeley Campus in Revolt" (Michael Shute, New Politics, Fall 1964): @ (Note: many other contemporary articles are available through www.unz.org)

* "A Special Supplement: Berkeley and the Fate of the Multiversity" (New York Review of Books, March 11, 1965): @
* "The Beginning: Berkeley, 1964" (Max Heirich, 1968): @
* "The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage" (Todd Gitlin, 1987): @
* "Making Peace with the 60s" (David Burner, 1996): @
* "Berkeley at War: The 1960s" (W.J. Rorabough, 1989): @ 
* "The Free Speech Movement: Coming of Age in the 1960s" (David Lance Goines, 1993): @
* "The Free Speech Movement: Reflections on Berkeley in the 1960s" (2002): @ 
* "At Berkeley in the Sixties: The Education of an Activist, 1961-1965" (Jo Freeman, 2004): @

---

1964: Freedom Summer

     During the summer of 1964, thousands of civil rights activists, many of them white college students from the North, descended on Mississippi and other Southern states to try to end the long-time political disenfranchisement of African Americans in the region. 
     Freedom Summer marked the climax of intensive voter-registration activities in the South that started in 1961. Organizers chose to focus their efforts on Mississippi because of  the state's particularly dismal voting-rights record: In 1962 only 6.7 percent of African Americans in the state were registered to vote, the lowest percentage in the country.
     Freedom Summer officials established "Freedom Schools" in towns throughout Mississippi to address the racial inequalities in Mississippi's educational system. ... Many of the white college students were assigned to teach in these schools, whose curriculum included black history, the philosophy of the Civil Rights Movement, and leadership development in addition to remedial instruction in reading and arithmetic. The Freedom Schools had hoped to draw at least 1,000 students that first summer and ended up with 3,000.
     Freedom Summer activists faced threats and harassment throughout the campaign, not only from white supremacist groups, but from local residents and police. Freedom School buildings and the volunteers' homes were frequent targets; 37 black churches and 30 black home and businesses were firebombed or burned during that summer, and the cases often went unsolved. More than 1,000 black and white volunteers were arrested, and at least 80 were beaten by white mobs or racist police officers. But the summer's most infamous act of violence was the murder of three young civil rights workers, a black volunteer, James Chaney, and his white co-workers, Andrew Goodman and Michael Schwerner. ...
     The well-publicized voter registration drives brought national attention to the subject of black disenfranchisement, and this eventually led to the 1965 Voting Rights Act, federal legislation that among other things outlawed the tactics that Southern states had used to prevent blacks from voting. Freedom Summer also instilled among African Americans a new consciousness and a new confidence in political action.
     -- Excerpted from "Civil Rights: An A-to-Z Reference of the Movement That Changed America" (Kwame Anthony Appiah and Henry Louis Gates Jr., editors, 2004)

     -- Photo by Ted Polumbaum (link to his Freedom Summer photos below)

March 20, 1964

     Official announcement of project.

* Press release (Wisconsin Historical Society): @ 

* "Mississippi Awaiting Long, Hot Summer" (Associated Press, May 20): @

June 14

     Volunteer training begins at Western College for Women in Oxford, Ohio.

* "Ohio College Center For Rights Trainees" (Scripps-Howard, June 18): @
* "Summer Project Readied" (The Student Voice, publication of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, July 2, page 2): @
      -- Photo by Ted Polumbaum; among those training in nonviolent resistance was Andrew Goldman, in dark T-shirt.

June 19

     "A great storm is gathering -- and may break very soon indeed -- in the state of Mississippi and some other regions of the South. ... Before long, moreover, the situation will be enormously complicated -- and envenomed -- by the arrival of several hundred northern white and Negro students recruited to open 'freedom schools' in Mississippi this summer." -- Joseph Alsop 

* "The Gathering Storm in Mississippi" (The Miami News): @

June 20

    First volunteers arrive in Mississippi.

* "They're Coming To Mississippi -- and They're Scared" (Associated Press, June 19): @
* "Race Corps Moving on Mississippi" (Chicago Sun-Times, June 20): @
* "Security Handbook" (Wisconsin Historical Society): @

June 21

     Civil rights workers Andrew Goodman, James Earl Chaney and Michael Henry Schwerner disappear. (Separate post: @)
* Summary from Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia (Ferris State University): @

July 2

     President Johnson signs into law the Civil Rights Act of 1964. (Separate post: @)
* Summary (U.S. Commission on Civil Rights): @ 

* "The Civil Rights Act of 1964: What's in it ... How you can use it to obtain the Rights it guarantees" (Leadership Conference on Civil Rights): @

July 2

      First Freedom Schools open.

* "The Freedom Schools: Concept and Organization" (Staughton Lynd, 1964, History Is A Weapon website): @
* "The Freedom Schools, An Informal History" (Lynd, 2004): @
* "Freedom School Curriculum" (Education and Democracy website): @
* "Freedom School Data" (Council of Federated Organizations): @
* "Freedom School Held Under Tree" (New York Times, July 3): @
* "Summer Project: Progress Report I" (The Student Voice, July 15, page 3): @
* "Freedom Schools Mississippi" (The Student Voice, August 5, pages 2-3): @
      -- Photo by Staughton Lynd; outdoor classroom in Indianola.

August 4

     Goodman, Chaney and Schwerner found dead.

* "Bodies of Three Civil Rights Workers Discovered in Mississippi" (Finding Dulcinea): @

August 6
     Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party holds state convention in Jackson. (Separate post on MFDP: @) In Meridian, the Mississippi Freedom School Convention takes place Aug. 6-8.
* "1964 Platform of the Mississippi Freedom School Convention": @

Footnote
     The project did not end with the summer; voter registration efforts continued. Most of the volunteers returned to school, but not all; this is a portion of a letter from Gail Falk, who decided to stay on in Meridian (from "Letters from Mississippi," linked below).
    Whatever small bit we did for Mississippi this summer, Mississippi did ten times as much for us ... Now that I have taught, I know what I want to learn about teaching. Now that I have helped people understand what it means to be a citizen in a democracy, I know things that I still have to understand. Now that I have worked with people to change the society in which they live, I know what I want to learn about societies and how other people have changed theirs ... I guess the thing that pulls me back most are the people who made us a part of their community ... In Mississippi I have felt more love, more sympathy and warmth, more community than I have known in my life. And especially the children pull me back ...
* Falk's website: @
* Entries from Civil Rights Movement Veterans: @ and @

Other resources

General
* "What Was the 1964 Freedom Summer Project?" (Wisconsin Historical Society): @
* "Freedom Summer: 50 Years Later" (Jackson Clarion-Ledger): @
* "Risking Everything: A Freedom Summer Exhibit for Students" (Wisconsin Historical Society): @
* "Freedom Summer campaign for African American voting rights in Mississippi, 1964" (Global Nonviolent Action Database): @
* Maps of activities: @ (National Museum of American History) and @ (Keeping History Alive, website of volunteer Patti Miller) 

* Freedom Summer Incident Summary by City or County (University of Southern Mississippi): @
* Mississippi Summer Project: Running Summary of Events (June-August, University of Southern Mississippi): @ 
* Timeline (Wisconsin Historical Society): @

* Freedom Summer 50th (anniversary conference website, Veterans of the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement): @
* Mississippi Freedom Summer Events (Civil Rights Movement Veterans): @

* Documents from Freedom Summer (Civil Rights Movement Veterans): @
* Mississippi Civil Rights Project (William Winter Institute for Racial Reconciliation): @

* "Community Organizing I: Freedom Summer" (Jewish Women's Archive): @
* "Let Freedom Ring" (City University of New York curriculum): @
* "Crusade in Mississippi" (Ebony magazine, September 1964): @
* "Voting in Mississippi" (U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, 1965): @

Archives

* Freedom Summer (Civil Rights Digital Library): @

* 1964 Freedom Summer Collection (Wisconsin Historical Society): @

* Images and Documents (Western College Memorial Archives, Miami University of Ohio): @

* Civil Rights in Mississippi Digital Archive (University of Southern Mississippi): @

* Tougaloo College and Brown University: @
* Queens College Civil Rights Archives: @

Personal accounts
* "Freedom Summer Recollections" (Terri Shaw, University of Southern Mississippi Collections): @
* "The Mississippi Summer Project: Holly Springs Participant Reports Nervous Beginnings, Eerie Tension" (Peter Cummings, 1964, The Harvard Crimson): @
* "Three Letters From a Freedom School Teacher" (Civil Rights Movement Veterans): @
* "We Were Not Afraid" (Matthew Zwerling, 2014, Rochester Review): @

* "Last Summer in Mississippi" (Alice Lake, Redbook, November 1964): @
* "Freedom Libraries of the Mississippi Summer Project" (Virginia Steele, Southeastern Libraries, July 1965): @
* Mississippi Freedom Project (oral histories; African American History Project, University of Florida): @
* "A Life for a Vote" (John Hersey, The Saturday Evening Post, September 1964): @
* "Oh Freedom Over Me" (American Radio Works, 2001): @

Photos
* Wisconsin Historical Society: @
* Herbert Randall: @ (University of Southern Mississippi)
* Ted Polumbaum (Newseum): @ 
* Matt Herron and George Ballis (Take Stock): @
* Meridian Freedom School / Patti Miller: @

Videos
* "Freedom Summer" (Stanley Nelson, 2014): @
* "Mississippi: Is This America?" (from "Eyes on the Prize," 1987): @; transcript: @
* "1964: Spotlights" (from NBC): @
* "Freedom Now: The Civil Rights Movement in Mississippi" (The Choices Program, Brown University): @ 
* "1964 at 50: Remembering the Mississippi Summer Project" (Organization of American Historians): @

Books
* "Freedom Summer" (Sally Belfrage, 1965): @

* "Freedom Summer" (Doug McAdam, 1988): @

* "Freedom Summer: The Savage Season That Made Mississippi Burn and Made America A Democracy" (Bruce Watson, 2010): @

* "Local People: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Mississippi" (John Dittmer, 1994): @

* "Student Activism and Civil Rights in Mississippi" (James P. Marshall, 2013): @
* "I've Got the Light of Freedom: The Organizing Tradition and the Mississippi Freedom Struggle" (Charles M. Payne, 2007): @
* "Letters From Mississippi: Personal reports from civil rights volunteers of the 1964 Freedom Summer" (2002): @
* "The Wrong Side of Murder Creek: A White Southerner in the Freedom Movement" (Bob Zellner, 2011): @
* "The Legacy of a Freedom School" (Sandra E. Adickes, 2005): @ 

---