2.26.2014

February 1964: Pierre Brassau



A 4 1/2-year-old chimpanzee namd Peter lives in an animal park in Goteborg, Sweden. Last fall a couple of newspapermen on the Goteborgs-Tidningen got the idea that maybe Peter could paint pictures. On the sly, they gave the chimp a palette, paints, brushes and canvas, and Peter promptly set to work. Recently the newspapermen picked out four of Peter's better paintings and slipped them into a local art show to see what the critics would say. The paintings were signed Pierre Brassau, who was described as an unknown French painter. The critics fell for the monkey business, especially Rolf Anderberg of the morning Posten, who wrote rapturously: "Pierre Brassau paints with powerful strokes but also with clear determination. His brush strokes twist with a furious fastidiousness on the canvas." Critic Anderberg then went on to compare Pierre with another painter in the show. The other painter, Anderberg wrote, was ponderous but "Pierre is an artist who performs with the delicacy of a ballet dancer." When the hoax was revealed, Anderberg was bitter. He insisted that Pierre's work was "still the best painting in the exhibition." He may be right. A private collector bought one canvas for $90.
     -- "Monkey Business," Sports Illustrated, February 24, 1964
* Summary from The Museum of Hoaxes: @
* Winners of 2013 Chimpanzee Art Contest (from The Humane Society of the United States): @ 

2.25.2014

Tuesday, February 25, 1964: Cassius Clay


Jabbing, jabbering Cassius Clay ruled as heavyweight champion of the world today in an unbelievable upset at Miami Beach because of one punch -- and he didn't even throw it. Sonny Liston, the supposedly unconquerable "killer," threw the punch and when it missed the follow-through, twisted a tendon in his massive left shoulder.
     -- The Miami News (link: @)

Tuesday night was the night that was for Cassius Clay. He became heavyweight boxing champion of the world -- just like he said he would. He didn't do it so much with his fists, or his fast talk for which he is noted, but with an "injury" to his opponent, Charles "Sonny" Liston. 
     -- United Press International (link: @)

Cassius Clay, a 7-1 longshot, scored one of the major upsets in boxing history Tuesday night when Sonny Liston gave up the world heavyweight title in his corner because of a strained left shoulder.
     -- Associated Press (link: @)

Incredibly, the loud-mouthed bragging, insulting youngster had been telling the truth all along. Cassius Clay won the world heavyweight title tonight when a bleeding Sonny Liston, his left shoulder injured, was unable to answer the bell for the seventh round.
     -- The New York Times (link to PDF: @)

Like the Lord High Executioner getting ready for another payday, Sonny Liston fixed a fresh victim with his famous full-whammy stare. Cassius Clay didn't pay much attention. Taunting, jabbing and above all, staying out of range of the champ's left hook, Clay simply kept his mind on proving that, as he had so often noted, "I am the greatest!"
     -- Life magazine (March 6; link: @)

There is no terror, Cassius, in your threats.
-- Julius Caesar, Act IV, Scene 3
     But there was. In Miami Beach last week, Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr. acted out a scene that was worthy of the Old Bard himself -- or maybe P.T. Barnum. Just as he said he would, he took the heavyweight championship of the world away from Charles ("Sonny") Liston, thereby proving that the mouth is faster than the eye.
     -- Time magazine (March 6; subscription-only link: @)

It was, no matter what you have read or heard, an enormously exciting fight. It matched the classic contenders for a heavyweight championship of the world -- a beautiful, controlled boxer against a man who could hit with deadly power. The fight -- Clay against Liston -- restored balance and intelligence to the concept of boxing. The boxer, using his skills with aplomb and courage and forethought, confounded and defeated the slugger.
     -- Sports Illustrated magazine (March 9; link: @)

The February 25 midnight "Victory Party" planned for Sonny Liston at Miami Beach's luxurious Fontainebleau Hotel was canceled due to the lack of a guest of honor. 
     -- Jet magazine (March 12; link: @)

     -- Photo by Associated Press

January 27
"Fighter Cassius Clay Has Keen Interest in Muslims" (New York Herald Tribune): @

February 28
"Cassius Clay Admits Adoption of Black Muslim Membership" (Associated Press): @
"Cassius Clay Admits He's a Black Muslim" (Associated Press): @
"Clay Admits Joining Black Muslims Sect" (United Press International): @

March 7
Elijah Muhammad, leader of the Black Muslims, Friday night bestowed upon heavyweight champion Cassius Clay the name "Muhammad Ali." (Associated Press): @

* Video of fight: @
* Excerpt from "Bert Sugar on Boxing" (2003): @
* "Ali and Liston: The Boy Who Would Be King and the Ugly Bear" (Bob Mee, 2011): @
* "The Devil and Sonny Liston" (Nick Tosches, 2000): @ 

2.13.2014

Thursday, February 13, 1964: Hand transplant

     A surgical "first" at this time of hope was carried out in February 1964 at the Clinica Guayaquil, Ecuador, on a soldier who lost a hand after a grenade accident. The prolonged operation using a hand from a cadaveric donor was apparently technically successful, and the immunosuppression was monitored with the help of advice via telephone from Richard Wilson of the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in Boston. Wilson then traveled to Ecuador and, after assessing the situation, transferred the patient to Boston, but twenty-one days after the transplant, rejection forced removal of the hand.
     -- From "A History of Organ Transplantation" (David Hamilton, 2012)

* "First Transplant of Human Limb Works" (United Press International, February 25, 1964): @
* "Dr. Wilson Consults on History-Making Homograft" (The Townsman, Wellesley, Massachusetts, February 27): @
* "A new option for amputees: Transplantation of the hand" (Christina L. Kaufman et al; from Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development, 2009): @
* "History and Ethics of Hand Transplants" (Michael Errico et al; from Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, October 2012): @
* "Hand transplantation" (Bardia Amirlak et al; from Medscape): @
* www.handtransplant.com: @

2.09.2014

Febuary 7-9, 1964: The Beatles in America


February 7
     Multiply Elvis Presley by four, subtract six years from his age, add British accents and a sharp sense of humor. The answer: It's the Beatles (Yeah, Yeah, Yeah). The rock 'n' roll group, which may become Britain's most successful export since the bowler, arrived at Kennedy International Airport yesterday and more than 3,000 teen-agers stood four deep on the upper arcade at the International Arrivals Building to greet them. (The New York Times, February 8; link: @
     -- Photo by Harry Benson

* "Four Screaming Mopheads Break Up England: Here Come Those Beatles" (Life magazine, January 31): @
* Video excerpts from press conference: @ 
* Press conference transcript (from www.beatlesinterviews.org): @ 
* "Beatle Hysteria Hits US" (The Guardian, February 8): @
* "The Beatles' American Invasion Begins" (from The Beatles Bible): @
* "Turn Left at Greenland Or How The Beatles Came to America" (Bruce Spizer, 2006, from www.beatlesagain.com): @ 
* Newsreel (from Critical Past): @
* Same newsreel (with British voice-over; from British Pathe): @




February 9
     The Beatles -- four British lads who sing when they are not busy running away from barbers -- made their American television debut tonight -- and some things may never be the same. (Associated Press, February 9; link: @)
     -- Photos by CBS


* Video (from Jukebo.com): @
* "Screaming Teen-Age Fans Almost Outdo British Singers in Dramatic Capers" (AP, February 10): @
* "Boys With Shaggy Heads Found Boring by Critic" (United Press International, February 10): @
* "U.S. Rocks & Reels from Beatles' Invasion" (Billboard, February 15): @
* "The Unbarbershopped Quartet" (Time, February 21; image from www.beatlefan.net): @
* "Bugs About Beatles" (Newsweek cover story, February 24; image from www.beatlefan.net): @
* "Yeah! Yeah! Yeah! Music's Gold Bugs: The Beatles" (Al Aronowitz, Saturday Evening Post, March 21): @
*"Beatles: The Day They Hit U.S.A." (AP, February 1984): @ 
* "The Beatles' First Ed Sullivan Show" (from The Beatles Bible): @
* "The Story Behind The Beatles on Ed Sullivan" (Bruce Spizer, 2006, from www.beatlesagain.com): @
* "Beatles in America" (from The Pop History Dig): @
* "The Beatles' U.S. Invasion" (CBS News): @ 
* "All-Time Television Rankings" (2004; from www.thefab40.com): @ 

2.07.2014

Friday, February 7, 1964: Byron De La Beckwith mistrial

An all-white jury was unable to reach a decision Friday after trying for 11 hours to decide if Byron De La Beckwith assassinated Negro leader Medgar Evers and a mistrial was declared. 
     -- United Press International; full story: @
     
     -- Photo from Corbis Images. Caption reads: Jackson, Mississippi: Byron De La Beckwith, 43, went on trial here early January 27 for the ambush slaying last year of Negro leader Medgar Evers. Sheriff Fred Pickett, recalling the racial bitterness in the city after the slaying, has placed heavy security on trial arrangements. This photo was made last June as Beckwith was taken to the State Mental Hospital at Whitfield for tests. No pictures will be made during the trial of him.


* "Mistrial Declared in Beckwith Case" (UPI, February 7): @
* "Beckwith Case Ruled Mistrial" (Associated Press, February 7): @
* Earlier post on the death of Medgar Evers (June 12, 1963): @ 

2.04.2014

Tuesday, February 4, 1964: Drinking and driving

"The Role of the Drinking Driver in Traffic Accidents," also known as the Grand Rapids Study, is published by Robert F. Borkenstein et al. for Indiana University's Department of Police Administration. A summary of its findings, from "Alcohol and Road Accidents" (Australia Legislative Council, 1970; link: @):

The probability of accident involvement increases rapidly at alcohol levels over .08 percent and becomes extremely high at levels over .15 percent. ... Drivers with an alcohol level of .06 percent have an estimated probability of causing an accident double that of a sober driver. Drivers with .10 percent B.A.L. are from six to seven times as likely to cause an accident as one with .00 percent alcohol level. When the .15 percent alcohol level is reached, the probability of causing an accident is estimated at more than 25 times the probability for that of a sober driver.

* Robert F. Borkenstein papers, Indiana University (follow link to see entire study): @
* "Professor Robert F. Borkenstein -- An Appreciation of His Life and Work" (from The Robert F. Borkenstein Course, Center for Studies of Law in Action, Indiana University): @
* "Grand Rapids Effects Revisited: Accidents, Alcohol and Risk" (Kruger et al., 1995, from Schaffer Library of Drug Policy): @
* "Driver Characteristics and Impairment at Various BACs" (from National Highway Traffic Safety Administration): @
* "Alcohol-Related Morbidity and Mortality" (from National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 2003): @ 

1.31.2014

January 1964: Vietnam

January 24
     The Studies and Observations Group (also called the Special Operations Group) is formed under the Military Assistance Command, Vietnam. Its mission: "to execute an intensified program of harassment, diversion, political pressure, capture of prisoners, physical destruction, acquisition of intelligence, generation of propaganda, and diversion of resources, against the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV)." (From U.S. Department of Defense; link: @)
* Summary (from modernforces.com): @
* Summary (from SOG Specialty Knives & Tools): @
* Video (from CNN documentary): @
* Presidential Unit Citation (2001; from specialoperations.org): @
* "MACV: The Joint Command in the Years of Escalation, 1962-1967" (Graham A. Cosmas, Center of Military History, U.S. Army, 2006): @
* "US MACV-SOG Reconnaissance Team in Vietnam" (Gordon L. Rottman, 2011): @


January 27
     Defense Secretary McNamara appears before the House Armed Services Committee in closed session (his testimony is made public on February 18) and insists that the "bulk of the U.S. armed forces in Vietnam can be expected to leave by the end of 1965," but that "the survival of an independent Government in South Vietnam is so important to the security of Southeast Asia and to the free world that I can conceive of no alternative other than to tak all necessary measures within our capability to prevent a Communist victory." (From "The Vietnam War Almanac," James H. Willbanks, 2009)
     Note: Though the testimony was not made "public" until February 18, The New York Times published stories about it on January 28 and January 30.
* Memo from Maxwell Taylor, chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff, to McNamara (January 22; from the Pentagon Papers): @
* "Text of McNamara's Testimony on Southeast Asia" (New York Times, January 30; subscription required): @
* "US Still Is Hoping to Pull Troops Out of Vietnam in 1965" (Associated Press, February 18): @
* "No Korea in Vietnam -- McNamara" (Associated Press, February 19): @
* "Extracts of Statements by Robert S. McNamara on the Outlook in South Vietnam" (January 1, 1963 through December 10, 1965; from The Harold Weisberg Archive): @
* "McNamara's Statements Vary Widely After 9 Trips to Vietnam" (Associated Press, July 1967): @

January 30
     One military regime replaced another in embattled South Viet Nam. Maj. Gen. Nguyen Khanh took over in swift, bloodless coup merely by arresting the military leaders who had toppled the Ngo Dinh Dim government only three months ago. (From United Press International; full story: @)
* "Viet General Boots Junta, Takes Over" (Associated Press, January 30): @
* "Strongman Outlines Plans" (Associated Press, January 31): @
* "Viet Nam's Khanh Is Able, Puzzling Leader" (Col. Ray Cromley, February 7): @
* "U.S. Assessment of the Khanh Government, February 1-March 4" (from "Foreign Relations of the United States"): @
* Excerpt from "The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia: The Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries" (1992): @ 

1.30.2014

Thursday, January 30, 1964: 'A Change Is Gonna Come'

Sam Cooke records what would become an anthem for the civil rights movement. The song, written by Cooke, was released (as the B-side to "Shake") just days after the singer's death on December 11, 1964.

(Note: Thanks to Peter Guralnick, author of "Dream Boogie" -- linked below -- for verifying the recording date.)

* Entry from "Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings" (Steve Sullivan, 2013): @
* Song review (from allmusic.com): @
* "Sam Cooke's Swan Song of Protest" (NPR, 2007): @
* "Dream Boogie: The Triumph of Sam Cooke" (Peter Guralnick, 2005): @
* "You Send Me: The Life and Times of Sam Cooke" (Daniel Wolff, 1995): @
* "A Change is Gonna Come: Music, Race & The Soul of America" (Craig Werner, 2006): @

1.29.2014

Wednesday, January 29, 1964: 'Dr. Strangelove'



Stanley Kubrick's satire of the Cold War and nuclear doomsday opens in theaters, having been delayed from December 1963 because of the assassination of President Kennedy. The movie's full title: "Dr. Strangelove Or: How I Learned To Stop Worrying And Love The Bomb."

* Entry from AMC Filmsite: @
* Entry from Turner Classic Movies: @
* Review (Bosley Crowther, The New York Times): @
* Review (Robert H. Estabrook, The Washington Post): @
* Review (Andrew Sarris, The Village Voice): @
* Review (Fernand Fauber, The Toledo Blade): @
* Review (Roger Ebert, 1999): @
* "Almost Everything in 'Dr. Strangelove' Was True" (Eric Schlosser, The New Yorker, 2014): @
* "Doctor's Orders: How a dead serious novel became the nightmare satire of 'Strangelove' " (Bilge Ebiri, Museum of the Moving Image, 2009): @
* "A Teaching Guide to Stanley Kubrick's 'Dr. Strangelove' " (Dan Lindley, University of Notre Dame): @
* " 'Dr. Strangelove at 40: The Continuing Relevance of a Cold War Icon" (Paul S. Boyer, Arms Control Association): @
* "Dr. Strangelove's America: Society and Culture in the Atomic Age" (Margot A. Henriksen, 1997): @ 

1.23.2014

Thursday, January 23, 1964: Heart transplant

Dr. James Hardy leads a team at the University of Mississippi Medical Center in transplanting a chimpanzee's heart into a human, who lived for about 90 minutes after the procedure. (In June 1963, Hardy had performed the first lung transplant; post: @).

* "The First Lung Transplant in Man (1963) and the First Heart Transplant in Man (1964)" (Hardy, Transplantation Proceedings, 1999): @ 
* "Doctors Hear First-Hand Heart Transplant Report" (Spokane Daily Chronicle, April 18, 1964): @
* Articles from Mississippi Medical News: @ and @
* "Open Heart: The Radical Surgeons Who Revolutionized Medicine" (David K.C. Cooper, 2010): @
* "Xeno: The Promise of Transplanting Animal Organs Into Humans" (Cooper and Robert P. Lanza, 2000): @
* Hardy entry from University of Mississippi Medical Center: @
* Hardy obituary (Associated Press, 2003): @ 

Thursday, January 23, 1964: National Museum of Science and Technology



The Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Science and Technology opens in Washington, D.C. (It was renamed the National Museum of American History in October 1980.)
-- Image of Foucault Pendulum, circa 1970 (from the Smithsonian)

* Smithsonian sites: @ and @ and @
"Legacies: Collecting America's History at the Smithsonian": @
* President Johnson's remarks at dedication (January 22): @
* "Annual Report of the Board of Regents for the Smithsonian Institution" (for the year ended June 30, 1964): @
* "Bloodletting Instruments in the National Museum of History and Technology" (Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979): @
* "Narrating 'America' " (Marie Plassart, European Journal of American Studies, 2007): @
* "New Museum Best Tourist Attraction in Capital" (Copley News Service, February 1964): @
* "New Roofs for a Nation's Attic" (The Rotarian, May 1965): @
* "Giant pendulum draws swinging museum goers" (United Press International, March 1977): @ 

Thursday, January 23, 1964: 24th Amendment

Section 1.
      The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice President, for electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State by reason of failure to pay poll tax or other tax.
Section 2.
      The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
-- Passed by Congress August 27, 1962. Ratified January 23, 1964.

An amendment banning the poll tax as a condition for voting in elections for federal office was added to the Consititution yesterday when the South Dakota Senate ratified it by a vote of 34 to 0. It is the 24th Amendment. South Dakota was the 38th state to approve the amendment. Ratification by three-fourths of the 50 states was required.
     -- Associated Press, January 24 (full story: @)
     -- "Abolishment of Poll Tax Approved" (New York Times): @
     -- Images of Texas poll tax receipts from www.studythepast.com

* Annotated amendment (from Legal Information Institute, Cornell University Law School): @
* Certification by General Services Administration: @
* "Civil Rights in America: Racial Voting Rights" (National Park Service, 2009): @
* "Democracy's Turnstile" (Dr. Seuss, PM newspaper, October 1942): @
* "You Have the Right to Vote Free" (Huey P. Long, 1934): @
* "ABC's on the Poll Tax" (Associated Press, July 1948): @
* "Poll Tax Time" (Delta Democrat Times, January 1959): @
* Poll tax entry from Encyclopedia of Virginia: @
* "Voting in Mississippi" (U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, 1965): @
* "Poll Tax Voided in Mississippi" (April 1966): @ 

1.20.2014

Monday, January 20, 1964: Sports Illustrated's first swimsuit issue

Babette March is pictured on the magazine's cover; inside is a Caribbean travel guide, with five pages of swimsuit photos. (Note: The February 21, 1955 issue showed Betty di Bugnano on the cover, but the 1964 issue was the first of what would become the magazine's annual showcase.)
* January 20, 1964 cover: @
* February 21, 1955 cover: @
* Covers through the years (from SI): @
* "The Pixie Pioneer" (SI, 1989): @
* Babette March's website: @
* "The Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue: An Intellectual History" (Bryan Curtis, Slate, 2005): @
* "The Girls of Winter" (audio from Vanity Fair, 2014): @
* "The Swimsuit Issue and Sport: Hegemonic Masculity in Sports Illustrated" (Laurel R. Davis, 1997): @
* Entry on "bikini" from "The Berg Companion to Fashion" (Valerie Steele, 2010): @ 

1.18.2014

January 1964: 'Black holes'

The term gains wider use after it appears in articles in the Science News Letter (January 18) and Life magazine (January 24). In simplest terms: "A black hole is a place in space where gravity pulls so much that even light cannot get out. The gravity is so strong because matter has been squeezed into a tiny space. This can happen when a star is dying." (Definition from NASA)

* "50 years later, it's hard to say who named black holes" (Science News, December 2013): @
* " 'Black Holes' in Space" (Science News Letter, January 18): @
* "What are quasi-stellars? Heavens' new enigma" (Life magazine, January 24): @
* "Black Holes" (from NASA): @
* "Black Holes: Facts, Theory & Definition" (from Space.com): @
* "Black Holes" (video, from Hubble Space Telescope site): @
* Definition from "Firefly Astronomy Dictionary" (2003): @ 

1.16.2014

Thursday, January 16, 1964: Angioplasty

The first angioplasty (excerpt from BBC): Laura Shaw, 82, had been advised that a blocked artery in her leg would mean her foot had to be amputated. Dr. Charles Dotter, working at the University of Oregon Hospital, had other ideas. He removed the blockage in her femoral artery using nothing more than a piece of tubing made from Teflon, inserted into the body via a blood vessel punctured with a needle. 
-- Full BBC story: @
-- Images of artery and catheters from Interventional News via Dotter Interventional Institute

"Transluminal Treatment of Arteriosclerotic Obstruction: Description of a New Technic and a Preliminary Report of Its Application" (Dotter and Judkins, Circulation journal, November 1964): @
* "Percutaneous interventional cardiac procedures" (from "Oxford Textbook of Medicine," 2003): @
* "Charles Theodore Dotter: The Father of Intervention" (Texas Heart Institute Journal, 2001): @
* "A medical milestone: the 50th anniversary of angioplasty": @
* "Clearing an Artery" (Life magazine, August 14, 1964): @
* Angioplasty.org: @
* "Coronary Balloon Angioplasty and Stents" (from MedicineNet.com): @
* Dotter Interventional Institute: @ 

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